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Class . j ^ vi 
Book^j 58 



NORTH CAROLINA: 

HER PAST, PRESENT AID FUTURE 



AN ADDRESS, 



delivered before the faculty and students of the university 

of north carolina, at the commencement, 

June 8th, 1870. 



BY JOHN H. WrfEELER, 

AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY OF NORTH CABOLINA. 




RALEIGH, K C. : 

STANDARD" STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINT. 

1870. 



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MAY 2: 



UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, 

Chapel Hill, June 13th, 1870. 

Col. John H. Wheeler : 

Dear Sir ; — I have the honor to inform you that at a meet- 
ing of the Historical Society of North Carolina, held on the 
9th of June, inst., in the University Library Hall, a resolution 
was unanimously passed thanking you for the very able and 
instructive Address which you delivered on the Past, Present 
and Future of North Carolina, and requesting a copy for publi- 
cation. 

Very respectfully, 

ALEXANDER McIVER, 

Secretary. 



ADDRESS 



My Respected Audience: 

I appear before you at the bidding of the President a 
Faculty of this venerable and renowned Institution. 

I fear, from the pressure of important duties, which I coi 
neither neglect nor delay, that I shall not succeed in interesting 
so appreciative an audience. But I must rely on your kind- 
ness, and that your patriotism will, from the interesting and 
instructive subject, excuse the unsatisfactory manner with 
which it may be treated. My subject is " North Carolina : 
her Fast, Present and Future." 

In treading again these classic halls where, nearly a half a 
century ago," I was honored with a diploma, emotions too full 
for utterance crowd around me. The once familiar and 
friendly faces, where are they 8 Many, very many, sleep " that 
sleep that knows no waking here.'' Their children and their 
children's children are around me : these are cherished with 
paternal affection. Like the patriarch Israel, I feel " It is 
enough-Joseph my son is yet alive. I will go down and see 

him before I die." 

The past history of North Carolina is full of interest, and 
worthy of your attention and study. It presents a record of 
thrilling incident>d of ennobling virtues. No study in the 
range of human knowledge has a more useful and salutary 
effect than History. Its tendency is useful and of moral eleva- 
tion. It is useful, for by the study of the past we may antici- 
pate the future. The wise man tells us, « The thing that ha, 
been, is that which will be; and that which is done, is that 



which shall be done ; and there is nothing new under the sun." 
The great poet of nature, Shakespeare, adds his testimony : 

" There is history in all men's live- 
Figuring- the nature of times deceased ; 
The which observed, a man may propli ..>•;. 
With a near aim, the main course of things 
As yet not come to pass " 

Men in the aggregate, or man in the segregate, under the 

■.: influences, and surrounded by similar circumstances, will 

usually act in the same manner. This is evinced by the history 

of every age ; for history continually repeats itself. By aid of 

faithful record we can see how the great and good have 

acted, and be inspired by their example. 

Not only has history this effect, but by its study we become 
familiar with the acts and words of the wise and good ; 
■m a kind friend, history introduces us into their society, 
and we learn the lessons of wisdom and experience. "With the 
mighty sorcery of her of Endor, it summons to our presence 
" the dead out of the earth ' ? and enables us to hold converse 
with the wise of every age. Truly does Fuller in his Holy 
War say, that "History maketh a young man to be old with- 
out either wrinkles or gray hairs ; privileging him with all the 
experience and wisdom of age without the infirmities or incon- 
veniences thereof." To youth, the tendency of such studies is 
of high moral elevation, and creates emulation, The ancient 
Komans adorned their public halls w T ith the statues of their 
patriots, to be gazed on by their youth. Sallust informs us : 

" Nam saepe, audivi Q. Maximum et P. Scipionem, preterm 
itatis nostras preclaros viros, ita dicere, cum majorum 
imagines intuerentur, vehementissime sibi animum ad virtutem 
aeeendi. Sclicet, non ceram illam, neque figuram tan tarn vim 
in sese habere — sed memoria rerum gestarum earn flammam 
egregiis viris in pectore crescere. Neque prius sedari, quam 
virtus eorum famam atque gloriam ada?quavit."" 

* Sallust Jurg. helium. 



What youth, when lie gazes on the statue of the Father of 
our Country, that ornaments our State (as well as our .National) 
capitol, is not inspired by his noble character ; and like him 
live pure, honest and virtuous, and be willing like him to die 
for his country. 

The early history of any nation has always been to its people 
a subject of the deepest interest. The Israelites, the earliest 
nation which history presents to us, dwelt with great satisfac- 
tion on the fact that their people were the chosen of God. 
Their historians and poets revelled in the record that He was 
the director of their fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob — that 
He delivered them irom oppression and captivity — that He 
guided them by " a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night " 
to the promised land. The ancient Greeks asserted that their 
founders were divine, and the Eoman historians record that 
Romulus, the founder of " the Eternal City," was a descendant 
from their gods. 

Happily for our nation, we are not compelled, as were the 
Greeks and Romans, to tax our patriotic Credulity with any 
fabled tradition. From the civilization of the age and the art 
of printing the founders of our republic are well known. 
" No fabled fugitive from the liames of Troy, no Norman 
tyrant first landed on our shores/' The very names of the 
ships in which they crossed the stormy ocean, and their com- 
manders, are well known. The spot can be shown on which 
their wearied feet rested on our shores. Their privations and 
sufferings, their valor and their virtues are known and appre- 
ciated. To no portion of these United States can this be more 
appropriate than to North Carolina. It is true, beyond all 
doubt, that the first Englishman that landed on these United 
States rested on her shores, on Roanoke Island, (in July 1584 ;) 
that in her quiet precincts the first blood of the colonists was 
spilled by English arms in defence of liberty, at Alamance, in 
May, 1771 ; and the first declaration of independence of the 
English yoke was made at Charlotte, 20th May, 1775. And, 
too, here was the first child of English parents born, whose 



name, at the last session of the Legislature, has been handed 
clown to posterity, by the erection of the county of Dare.* 

It was just about this period of the year, 2S6 years ago, 
under a charter from the Virgin Queen, (Elizabeth,) that two 
ships were equipped by that statesman and soldier, Sir Walter 
Ralegh, " the man ot wit and the sword," as he was taunt- 
ingly termed by his virulent opponent, Sir Edward Coke, and 
placed under the command of Phillip Armidas and Arthur 
Barlow. On the 4th day of July, 1584, they landed on 
Roanoke Island — a day since consecrated in history — and took 
possession of the same " in the name of Elizabeth of England 
as ye rightful Queene and Princesse thereof .' % Here, in the 
words of the historian Hakluyte, they found " a people most 
gentle, loving and faithful, void of all guile and treason, and 
lived after the manner of the golden age.-' 

Then and here was the birth-place of this now mighty 
empire. Here was the cradle which rocked this infant nation, 
whose gigantic limbs now extend from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific. Here, before Jamestown w r as settled, or the Pilgrims 
landed at Plymouth, was first displayed " the meteor flag of 
England," which for centuries has " braved the battle and the 
breeze." 

The colonists on Roanoke Island, from causes which would 
not be in place to detail on this occasion, were compelled to 
abandon the settlement ; and it was more than sixty years be- 
fore another settlement was made which became permanent. 

" North Carolina," says Bancroft, " was settled by the freest 
of the free. When the man ©f God (Fox) came to visit these 
people, he states he found a tender people who listened to his 
message with tender hearts. ' Here,' he says, l was a colony 



* " As early as 18th dayjof August, 1584, at Ralegh's colony on Roanoke Island, 
North Carolina, the native chieftain, Manteo, was admitted into fellowship of 
Christ's flock by Holy baptism, and five days afterwards Eleanor, daughter of 
the Governor and wife of Ananias Dare, was delivered of a daughter in Roanoke, 
and ye same was christened there the Sunday following, and because this childe 
was the first christian born in Virginia shee was named Virginia Pare." — Hak- 
luyte III 314. 



of men in civilized life, scattered among forests ; hermits with 
wives and children, resting upon the bosom of nature in per- 
fect harmony with their gentle clime.'' " 

To these people, in the autumn of 1603, was George Drum- 
mond sent, as Governor, by Sir Wm. Berkley, one of the Lords 
Proprietors, under the charter of Charles II. 

It is no less true than remarkable that both the projector ot 
the colony, Sir Walter Balegh, and its first Governor received 
at the hands of power the same unmerited fate — one was be- 
headed and the other hanged. But their names can never 
die. As long as the oak shall grow, our capital shall per- 
petuate the name of the one, and as long as " the fire fly 
lamp " shall shine over the pellucid waters of " the lake 
of the Dismal Swamp" shall the name of Drummond be 
preserved. 

The charter of Charles II., dated in 1663, granted to the 
Duke of Albemarle and others all the present State, and run- 
ning west to the Pacific ocean. What an empire would 
North Carolina have been had she retained her original 
proportions ! This grant would include Tennessee, Ar- 
kansas, a part of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Southern 
California. 

The charter of Charles II. was transferred by the Lords 
Proprietors, except Lord Granville, to the English Crown in 
1729 ; under which the colony remained until 1776, when the 
revolution commenced and our independence of England 
was achieved. 

The Governors, appointed by the Lords Proprietors and 
afterwards by the Crown, sent home, monthly, or as often as 
opportunity occurred, official reports of every transaction in 
the colony. Every event is narrated and every individual is 
described in these despatches with marvellous minuteness, 
These are all now on file in the offices of the Board of Trade 
and Colonial Department, in London, and afford a perfect pho- 
tograph of every individual and event during this period> 



10 



They are of the deepest interest, and without them no his- 
tory of the State can be complete.-" 

In 1776 Richard Caswell was Governor, and from him to 
the present incumbent a regular succession can be traced. 
The career of the State during this period can be marked in 
its onward course. And such material is the past of North 
Carolina. I could wish that time and the opportunity would 
allow to present the characters and events during the adminis- 
tration of eacli of these, for this w T ould be a perfect record of 
the past events of our State. But we will pass on with the 
observation, that the names of the rulers of North Carolina, 
among these, Caswell, Spaight, Davie, Hawkins, Branch, 
Iredell, Stokes, Swain and Morehead, present every quality 
that can dignify our nature. The parts which they acted in 
the spirit-stirring events of 1776, (the Revolutionary war,) 
1812, and other periods, prove their wisdom, courage and 
patriotism. The State under such sagacious rulers increased 
in population, production and resources. 

Ratio of Increase. 

The population in 1790 was 893,751 
(3d State in Union,) 

1800 was 478,103 21.42 

1810 " 555,500 16.19 

1820 " 638,829 15. 

1830 " 737,987 15.52 

1840 " 753,419 2.09 

1850 " 869,039 15.35 

1860 " 992,022 14.12 



* Prom a census taken in 1*776, forwarded by Governor TVyon, the colony had 
16,183 white, 13,923 colored, 4S,610 taxables. 

Governor Burrington, in an official despatch to the Duke of New Castle, Feb. 
20, 1732, thus describes the people of North Carolina: 

" The inhabitants of North Carolina are not industrious, but subtle and crafty 
to admiration — always behaved insolently to their Governors — some of them they 
have imprisoned ; at other times set up two or three supported by men under 
arms. All the Governors that ever were in this, lived in fear of the people (ex- 
cept myself) and dreaded their assemblies. The people are neither to be cajoled 
or outwitted. Whenever a Governor attempts to effect any thing by these 
means he will lose his labour and show his ignorance." — From Public Records 
London, America and West Indies, vol. 22, p. 122. 



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North Carolina, from being the third State in population in 
1790, (Virginia being first and Pennsylvania second, ahead 
of New York and Massachusetts,) she, in 1860, falls to the 
twelfth State, behind even her daughter Tennessee. 

Of the Present I am now to speak : 

The State of North Carolina, extending from 33 degrees 53 
minutes to 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, contains 
about 50,704 square miles, and about 32,000,000 of acres, 
about six million and a half of which, only, is cultivated. As 
compared with the other States of the Union, North Carolina is 
the 21st in size, having nearly the same territory as New York, 
Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. In population, in 1860, it had 
992,622 ; by the coming census its population will exceed a 
million. It is the twelfth State m population, being a little 
less than Georgia and a little more than Alabama. It has 
22 inhabitants to every square mile. Its length, from the 
Atlantic ocean to the Tennessee line, is about 500 miles, and 
its mean breadth, from north to south, 100 to 150 miles. An 
air line from an extreme eastern point in North Carolina to 
the extreme western point in Cherokee county, is a greater dis- 
tance than from Raleigh to Niagara Falls. The largest county 
in population is Wake, 28,627 ; and in territory, the county of 
Jackson, 1,308 square miles. The smallest in population is 
Alleghany, 3,890 ; and the smallest in territory, is Currituck/" 
or perhaps her little unchristened daughter Dare — though 
for want of a good topographical map of the State this maybe 
questioned. The character of the State demands a complete 
survey by competent engineers. Guilford county is the most 
densely populated, having 33 persons to every square mile. 

As to her productions in agriculture, according to the last 
census North Carolina was the fourth State in the Union as to 
Tobacco, producing 32,853,950 pounds, Virginia, Kentucky and 
Maryland being in advance of her. She was the second State 
as to Sweet Potatoes, producing 6,140,039 bushels, Georgia 

* Guide to Capitalists and Emigrant?, Raleigh, 1869 



12 



being the first. The tenth as to Corn, producing 30,078,564 
bushels, about thirty bushels to each inhabitant — Indiana being 
the first, Missouri second, Ohio third. The fifteenth as to 
Wheat, producing 4,743,706 bushels, Illinois being the first, 
Wisconsin the second and Indiana the third. North Carolina 
produced 145,514 bales of Cotton, 400 pounds each, 2,781,860 
bushels of Oats, and 7,598,976 pounds of Rice. 

The State differs in its soil, products and climate in its dif- 
ferent sections. It may be physicially divided into 

1. The Coast and Swamp Land section, extending from the 
sea shore to a line drawn from Eden ton to Wilmington ; 

2. The Middle section, consisting of the section from this 
belt to the foot of the mountains, and 

3. The Mountain or Piedmont region, extending to the Ten- 
nessee line. 

I. The First Section abounds in valuable timber, such as 
cypress, cedar or juniper, oak, maple, of great value. A single 
cypress tree has made $100 worth of shingles. The soil, of great 
and enduring fertility, is easily worked, producing from 
30 to 50 bushels of corn, 400 to 600 pounds of cotton and from 
10 to 20 bushels of wheat per acre. There are fields in Hyde 
county that have been cultivated for 100 years without rest, and 
without fertilizers, and still produce heavily. 

The watercourses and sounds afford easy and cheap transpor- 
tation to market. Immense beds of marl afford ample fertilizers. 
The pine trees yielding the best of turpentine and lumber. The 
fisheries are the largest in the country for shad, herring and 
rock, and are so productive that 175,000 herring are taken at 
a single haul. One hundred thousand barrels are packed an- 
nually on the sounds. Grapes abound in profusion. This is 
the section of the famous Scupper nong, which is native and 
peculiar to North Carolina and, in the opinion of one qualified 
to speak by his experience and extensive travel, " will some 
day attract capital and skill in its manufacture of wine to a 
degree not surpassed even in the most celebrated wine districts 
of Europe. It is a marvel in the history of the grape, and its 



13 



size, abundance of produce, and luscious flavor would astonish 
the vine growers of Europe. It needs no pruning and wants 
space and light and heat from the sun. One vine will cover a 
quarter of an acre,* and its age extends beyond the memory of 
man. Its fruit contains all the elements of as good a wine as 
can be found any where in the world. I heard," he adds, 
" that eminent chemist and analyzer, Dr. Warren, of Boston, 
declare in a lecture that the scuppernong grape under proper 
management and skilful manipulation would make as good a 
wine as the celebrated " Tokay " of Hungary, and very much 
like it."f 

But, as Dr. Mason says, " the scuppernong is a downright 
Southerner, and steadily refuses to bear at all North of Mason 
and Dixon line. In fact he is a native North Carolinian, and 
truer to his native State than many a North Carolina man or 
woman." 

Not only does this region abound in fish, but in winter it is 
the resort of immense flocks of wild ducks, swans and geese, 
which afford much profit and amusement to amateurs and 
sportsmen. 

The climate on the coast is mild and the winters not so 
rigorous as in higher localities in the same latitude, being 
tempered by the influences of the gulf stream and its prox- 
imity to the ocean. It is an error to suppose that because 
this section is swampy and low that is unhealthy. Dr. Em- 
mons, the late able State Geologist, says " those who have 
cultivated these lands for forty years declare that their families 
enjoy as much health as those who live at a distance. Persons," 
he states, " who are in the habit of plunging into the swamps, 
knee deep, for draining, and live in the vicinity of the black 
vegetable mould, are rarely sick with fever.":): The census 

A Col. S. T. Carrow, Marshal of North Carolina, and a native and resident of 
this section, states that he has known a single scuppernong; vino to cover a - 
of three acre-. 

f-Hon. D. M. Barringer, late U. S. Envoy to Spain. 

tReport of 1858, p. 57. 



u 



proves that the longevity of this section is equal to any in the 
United States. While the mild climate enables out-door work 
every day in the year, the cattle, horses and mules keep fat on 
the native grasses for nine months in the year, and many never 
receive any grain or shelter the whole year. 

II. The Middle Section, extending to the foot of the moun- 
tains, is adapted to the production of the cereals, tobacco^ 
cotton and minerals. This whole region, as well as the moun- 
tain region, abounds with streams affording power enough to 
turn all the spindles of the world. Mines of gold, silver, iron,, 
coal, copper and lime abound. 

Gold w T as known to exist in North Carolina before the com- 
mencement of the present century. A large lump was found 
in Cabarrus county in 1799. From that time to 1837 this 
State produced all the gold in the United States. The total 
deposits from this State in the mints amount to more than ten 
million of dollars. This does not include all the production,, 
for from its purity it is eagerly sought for by jewelers, and 
one-half of the products of the mines are thus absorbed.* The 
United States branch mint of North Carolina coined in 1838 
5,048,641 50. f Many new mines are being discovered, and 
the attention of capitalists is drawn to this subject. With the 
modern improvements in machinery this industry is yet to 
produce more wonderful results. 

" The richest gold mines," says Professor Kerr, to whose 
valuable researches the State is deeply indebted, " lie along 
and near the line of contact of the slates and granite. Also 
along this line the principal silver mines. The most noted is 
at Silver Hill, in Davidson county. The combination is sil- 
ver, gold, copper, zinc and lead. Silver exists in Watauga 
county also." 

Copper is found combined with gold also, and many mines- 
that originally were worked for gold, on account of the increase 

^Report upon the raineral resources of the United States by J. Ross Browne 
and James W. Taj T lor, 1867, p. 340. 
f Finance report 1867, p. 340. 



15 



of copper pyrites, were abandoned ; several have been recently 
re-opened as copper mines. 

Valuable diamonds have been found in the trans-Catawba 
country and in Lincoln and Rutherford counties. 

Next to gold, and far more important, for it is " the king of 
metals," Iron abounds in this section. One belt exists from 
Surry, on the north, to King's Mountain, on the south ; another 
belt through Guilford, Randolph and Montgomery counties, 
and a third belt in Chatham, and elsewhere. These ores are 
specular, magnetic and hematite. Extensive deposits exist in 
Cherokee county. This is destined, when our railroads are 
finished, to become one of the most important industries of the 
State. But without coal, iron would lose much of its value. 
Coal is found in two districts known as the Dan River and 
Deep River Coal Fields. The Deep River bed has an area ot 
more than forty square miles, containing more than 6,000,000 
of tons to each square mile. This would give 1,000,000 tons 
annually for several hundred years. It is of the best quality 
and well suited to the manufacture of iron and gas. 

Kerosene Oil has been discovered in this section. Lime- 
stone quarries exist in McDowell, Lincoln, Gaston and other 
counties. Alum and Copperas Slates are found in Cleaveland 
and Rutherford counties, enough to supply the whole conti- 
nent. 

The Slates form a notable feature in the geology of North 
Carolina. The Linville slates afford an abundant supply for 
building, grind stones and whet stones. 

Manufacturing of Woolens, spinning and weaving Cotton, are 
carried on in this section to a large extent.* All the counties 
produce in abundance, when well tilled, Wheat, Corn, Rye, 
Oats, Tobacco and the best Meadow Grass, and the southern 
portions much Cotton. Excellent orchards of Peach, Pear, 
Apple and other fruits. 

*There are 45 factories, (40 cotton and 5 woolen.) in North Carolina, employ- 
ing 1,987 hands, *2, 272,000 invested, using 7,465,800 pounds of material, anrl 
manufacturing goods to the amount of *3,rt35,780 annually. 



16 



This section is blessed with the finest climate and is free 
from the chilling rigor of the North and the enervating heat 
•of the South. The mean annual temperature is 60 degrees 
(Fahrenheit) ; the mean summer heat 75 degrees, the mean 
winter, 43 degrees. The labors of the farm need never be 
suspended, and ploughing can be done at any and all seasons of 
the year. It is a fit home for a healthful and hardy population. 
There is not a more kind-hearted, law-abiding population in 
the world. "During my administration as Governor," says 
Jonathan Worth, " not a single instance occurred in the State 
where a sheriff had to summon either civil or military aid to 
execute the processes of the law ; and as to crime, North Caro- 
lina may safely challenge comparison with any State in the 
Union. 

III. I shall now speak of the Third Division — the Piedmont 
or Mountain region. This is the loveliest portion of the globe. 
Before its towering mountains and lovely valleys the beauties 
of the Ehine and the palisades of the Hudson sink into insignifi- 
cance. Although abounding in mountains, which divide the 
waters falling into the Atlantic from those which fall into the 
Gulf of Mexico, yet this section contains large qualities of land 
of great fertility. Few of the lands are too steep for cultiva- 
tion. They produce good crops of corn, wheat, oats and rye. 
In contests for prizes at agricultural fairs in Buncombe county, 
Gen. Clingman, long well known for his devotion to North 
•Carolina, states that from 100 to 150 bushels of corn per acre 
have been awarded. Irish potatoes are produced in fabulous 
quantities, and no region surpasses it for clover and timothy. 
The finest peaches and apples on this continent, both in size 
and liavor, grow here. Grapes, the Catawba and others, 
flourish spontaneously. Horses and cattle are led out and fed 
from April to November on the mountains, and sheep brouse 
all the winter in good condition. No country is better tim- 
bered ; white pine, hemlock, oaks in great variety and size, 
•chesnut. hickory, locust, poplar and black walnut ; the moun- 
tain birch, the mahogany of the mountaineer, bird's eye maple, 



17 



and cherry, are found of large size. Professor Kerr tells us lie 
measured a cherry tree in Elk bottom more than nine feet 
around, and seventy-five feet to the first limb. This tree would 
be worth in New York one hundred dollars. Hundreds of acres 
of native cranberries arc produced, from which large exporta- 
tions are made. The ginseng is extensively exported to China 
from, here ; also wild ginger, snake-root, hellebore, spikenard 
and other medicinal herbs, render a return to this section of 
over $250,000 annually. 

Gold, iron, lead, silver and copper mines exist in this section, 
and some of them have been worked in Burke, Cherokee, 
Macon and Jackson to great advantage. The Cranberry Forge 
in Mitchell county, }delds an iron equal to the best Swede. 

No country more abounds in water-power, and this section 
is destined to present some town that will prove the Lowell of 
North Carolina. The French Broad river at Asheville is 
larger than the Merrimac at Lowell, and falls 600 feet in a dis- 
tance of thirty miles, and soon a railroad will run along its 
banks. The streams attain a sufficient size in the higher val- 
leys, and before they escape into Tennessee they have a de- 
scent of one thousand feet. 

The business of stock raising, wool, and making cheese and 
butter, are destined to flourish, as they have already com- 
menced in this section. Manufactures will follow. 

The climate is exhilirating and bracing. The pure air in- 
vigorates the system so as to render existence almost a luxury. 
The celebrated Dr. Gibson, one of the Professors of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, a close observer of climatology, visited 
Asheville in 184:2 and analyzed the air of Buncombe : he 
assured me that it was the purest atmosphere on our continent. 
Many consumptive persons have restfrted to this section and 
found relief. Being in a southern latitude and surrounded on 
all sides by lower and w T armer regions, the climate is much 
milder than that of northern Virginia or Pennsylvania. In 
former years many wealthy persons from Charleston and else- 
where made this delightful region their summer homes. 
9, 



18 



A member of Congress who travelled through this section a 
few years ago, declared from his place in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, that this region surpassed in sublimity and beauty 
any portion of our country ; and he verily believed that here 
was the Eden in which Adam and Eve dwelt in their days of 
innocency. Can we not feel with the lamented Gaston, — 

" Then let all who love her, love this land of Eden. 

As happy a spot as on this side of Heaven, 
Where plenty and peaee, love and beauty smiling o'er us, 
Raise aloud, raise tog-ether the heart-thrilling chorus, 
The Old North State forever."" 

I have now gone over the three great physical divisions oi 
the State ; the productions, soil and climate of each set forth, 
in a manner perhaps tedious to you and not satisfactory even to 
myself. 

The railroads of the Statef afford communication nearly to 
every portion of the State and are one of the advantages of the 

] RAILROADS OF NORTH CAROLINA. 

1 Atlantic and North Carolina, from Goldsboro' to Morehead City, '- J 5 miles. 

2 *Alantie, Tennessee and Ohio, from Charlotte to Statesville, 42 miles. 

3 *Chatham Railroad, from Raleigh to Gulf, 45 miles. 

4 Charlotte and South Carolina, from Charlotte to Columbia, S. G. 108 miles. 

5 Petersburg and Weldon. from Weldon to Petersburg, 64 miles. 

tf North Carolina Railroad, from Charlotte to Goldsboro'. 223 miles. 

7 Raleigh and Gaston, from Raleigh to Weldon, 97 miles. 

8 Seaboard and Roanoke, from Weldon to Portsmouth, Va., 80 miles. 

y * Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford, from Wilmington to Rutherford. 

10 Piedmont, from Greensboro to Danville, 48 miles. 

11 Wilmington and Weldon, from "Wilmington to Weldon, 162 miles. 

12 Tarboro' Branch, from Rocky Mount to Tarboro', 16 miles. 

13 Wilmington and Manchester, from Wilmington to Kingsville, 171 mile:-. 

14 Western Railroad, from Fayetteville to Egypt, 43 miles. 

16 Eastern Division Western N. C. R. R., (under contract to Asheville,) from 
Salisbury to Morganton 78 miles. 

16 ^Western Division, from Asheville to Ducktown, 120 miles. 

17 ^Western Branch, from Asheville to Point Rock, 10 miles. 

18 *Williamston and Tarboro', 30 miles. 

19 *North-Western N. C. R. R., from Greensboro', by Salem, to Mt. Airy. 

20 *Eastern and Western, from Henderson to Mt, Airy. 

21 *Edenton and Suffolk. 

22 ^University, from Chapel Hill to Durham's. 12 miles. 



Not complete 



19 



present age. There are now twelve railroads completed in the 
State and ten in progress or under charter. In 1840 there 
were 53 miles of railroad in North Carolina ; there are now 
1042 miles, which gives a ratio of one mile of railroad to every 
48 square miles of territory and to every 1000 inhabitants.* 

When this great advance in civilization was at first agitated 
in our State, the Kev. Dr. Joseph Caldwell, President of the 
University, who was among the first and foremost in every 
work to improve the condition of ."North Carolina, visited 
Europe to obtain all the information in his power on this and 
kindred subjects. All well recollect his admirable essays, 
signed Carlton, in the papers of that day. I heard him before 
the Committee of Internal Improvement of the Legislature, in 
1827, advocate this system of improvement, and he laid down 
a projet of a road from Asheville to Beaufort, as a base line, 
running through the city of Raleigh, and that all other roads 
should be adjuncts or branches of this. It is to be regretted 
that this plan had not been adopted, as it would have secured 
symmetry and uniformity. In other nations these works are 
planned and executed by the government. In France the rail- 
ways are under the bureau of a cabinet officer. (Ministere 
des travaux publics.) In our State, however well constructed 
and properly managed, the railroads are not well projected. 
Their effect is to carry out the produce of our State to other 



" North Carolina has one mi 


le of railr 


oad to every 48 square miles, 


and on 


mile to every 1,000 inhabitant: 


j. — Poortfi 


; Manual of Railroads. 




She had in 1840 


53 


miles of railroad. 




1841 to 1848, 


87 


« 




1849, 


1 54 






1850-'51. 


283 






1852, 


355 






1853, 


420 






1854, 


572 


" 




1855, 


582 






1S56, 


691 






1857, 


733 






1858, 


849 






59 to 1862, 


937 






1863 to 1865, 


984 






1866 


1,042 






1867, 


1,042 







20 

States to increase their importance and revenues at the expense 
of our own. The State has been compared to a strong man 
bleeding from both arms — for while the early construction of 
our roads led to Petersburg and Norfolk on the one side, the 
later ones lead to Columbia on the other ; then some are 
parallel, as the Wilmington and Weldon with the Raleigh and 
Gaston, and also the North Carolina Railroad with the Wil- 
mington and Rutherford. Some of them, it is difficult to say 
where they, as yet, are to lead to. Like the tortuous course of 
the politician, 

"They wire in and wive out, 
And leave the people still in doubl 
Whether the snake which made the traci 
Was coming in or going back." 

They are, however, institutions of great value and necessity, 
in peace or war ; and we believe that they will progress until 
the iron horse, having had his morning feed among the fertile 
valleys of our mountains, will dash in fiery speed across the 
Rocky Mountains until he laves Ins wearied sides in the waters 
of the Pacific* 

The cause ot Education has received its merited attention 
in North Carolina. No State had its literary fund more 
munificently endowed nor dispensed it with a more princely 
hand than ours. But the disasters of Avar have affected our 
funds, and these ancient halls, where Apollo held his quiet 
court, resounded with the heavy tread of the sons of Mars. Our 
common schools have been seriously retarded, but under the 
patient and prudent superintendence of their present head, Hon. 
:S. S. Ashley, these streams will again flow to every portion of 
,our State, to invigorate and strengthen our land. 

Already we see, yes, this day is evidence, that this renowned 

* No one can fail to appreciate the value of railroads and their advantages. 
I find the following memorandum among the works of Thomas Jefferson : " 1797, 
February 23d, left Alexandria for Philadelphia ; 26th, reached Baltimore ; March 
2d, reached Philadelphia; spent for expenses $49.03; time ten days." The 
same trip can be performed now in A% hours at an expense of $5.50. 



21 



and ancient Institution, under the auspices of activity, intellect 
and energy, is rising like another Phoenix from its ashes, and 
again she will send out her alumni to be the statesmen of your 
congress, the judges of your law, aye, and even as she has 
done, the rulers of your nation.* 

The truth must be acknowledged, and this is stated " more in 
sorrow than in anger," that there is n© section of our Union 
where education has in iormer years been so neglected as in 
Nortli Carolina. The statistics prove to us that she stands 
at a low point ; that while in Connecticut only 1 person in 

* Tiie charter for the foundation of a University was granted by the Legisl 
in 1789, by the efforts of Gen. William R. Davie and others. The location was 
fixed at. Chapel Hill, and the corner stone was laid on 12th October, 1798. The 
first instructor was Rev. Dewett Kerr, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, 
and the tirst student (Hinton James, of Wilmington,) arrived in February, 1795. 
The first commencement was in 1798, when seven young gentlemen received 
the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Dr. Joseph Caldwell, a native of New Jersey, 
and graduate of Princeton College, was President from 1804 (except four years, 
from 1812 to 1816, the unsuccessful administration of Dr. Robert H. Chap: 
till his death in 1835, when he was succeeded by Hon. David L. Swain, who was 
succeeded by Rev. Solomon Pool, 1869. 

■ IN NORTH ( AROLIXA. 

1 University of the State at Chapel Hill, 

2. Davidson College, (Presbyterian,) Mecklenburg county, 

■".. North Carolina College, (Lutheran,) Mt. Pleasant Cabarrus county, 

4. Olin College, (Presbyterian,) Iredell county, 

5. Trinity College, (Methodise,) High Point, Guilford county. 

6. Wake Forest, (Baptist,) Wake county, 

7. Yadkin College, (Methodist,) Davidson county. 

FEMALE COLLEGES AND 11IOH SCHOOLS. 

1. Charlotte College, at Charlotte, 
I. Carolina College, Anson county, 

3. Concord College, Statesville, 

4. Davenport College, Lenoir, Caldwell county, 

5. Floral College, Robeson county, 

6. Goldsboro' College, Wayne county, 

7. Greensboro' College, Greensboro', 

8. Holston Conference, Asheville, 

9. KittrelTs Springs, Granville county, 

10. Louisburg College, Franklin county, 

11. Chowan Female Institute, Murfreesboro', 

12. Methodist College, Murfreesboro', 

13. Sr. John's College, Oxford, 

14. St. Mary's College, Raleigh. 

15. Thomasville College, Davidson county, 
It). Warrenton College, Warrenton. 



22 



•568, over 20 years of age, cannot read or write, in North Caro- 
lina the humilitating fact is presented of one in every seven. 
Judge Peeve states in his work on Domestic Relations, that in 
the course of 20 years practice of the law in Connec- 
ticut, he was never met by five persons who could not 
read or write. Let any lawyer in North Carolina say what 
lias been his experience. Let this humiliating fact rouse our 
rulers, our statesmen and our people to exertion, and remove 
this stigma from our escutcheon. What North Carolinian, 
when he goes abroad, has not had his cheeks to tingle with 
.•shame when this truth is alluded to. It is stated that on one 
•occasion, at "Washington, as one of our members of Congress, 
who was noted more for his wit than his prudence, was walk- 
ing on Pennsylvania Avenue with another member (who was 
from Connecticut,) a drove of fine mules passed along the 
street, when the Carolinian remaked : " See ! there are some 
of your constituents from Connecticut come to consult with 
you." " Oh, yes !" replied the other, "I received a notice of 
their coming, and moreover, they are now on the way to North 
Carolina to open schools." These gibes and taunts, instead of 
worrying us, should stimulate us to remove the reproach. 

The Press of the State is one of the most remarkable features 
of the age. It is a fact that more newspapers are printed in our 
country, than in any other nation on the globe. They are the 
true exponents of the times, and give the best index of popu- 
lar views and the current of popular opinion that we can pos- 
sibly obtain from any other source. They are vast deposito- 
ries of knowledge on every topic of the day that can engage the 
thoughts and enlist the attention of men. Lord John Russell, 
in his great speech in Parliament, in 1822, cited the multipli- 
cation and the improvement in newspapers as gratifying evi- 
dence of increased wealth and expanding culture of the middle 
classes of England. It is in our State a great power, and this 
idea comprehends how capable it is for good or evil. 

There are at present published about sixty papers in the 



28 



State/" Three-fourths are political, the balance religious, agri- 
cultural and temperance. Some are daily, at Raleigh, Wil- 
mington and Charlotte. It is a subject of regret that these, 
though conducted with ability, should be marked with so much 
acrimony. Abuse never yet made a convert to truth. Parties 
have always existed and must continue to exist in a free coun- 
try, where every one thinks as he pleases and speaks what 
he thinks ; and from the collision ot opinion the truth is 
elicited. But these opinions should be stated with candor and 
maintained by truth. Mr. Jefferson justly said that " error of 
opinion may be freely tolerated where freedom of discussion is 
allowed to combat it." The tone of our press should be more 
elevated. The newspapers have been properly styled u popu- 
lar educators.'' All that can, read them, and many read but 
little or nothing else. How important, then, that they should be 
guided by moderation and truth, and tempered with forbear - 



1. Advocate, Salem, 

2. American, Statesville, 

3. Anti-Radical, Newbern, 

4. Argus, Wadesboro, 

5. Biblical Recorder, Raleigh, 

6. Bulletin, Charlotte, 

7. Carolina Farmer, Wilmington, 

8. Carolinian, Tarboro', 

9. .Carolinian, Elizabeth City, 

10. Citizen, Asheville, 

11. Courier, Newbern, 

12. Democrat, Charlotte, 

13. Deaf Mute Casket, Raleigh, 

14. Episcopal Methodist, Raleigh, 

15. Expositor, Greenville, 
lti. Examiner, Salisbury, 
17. Eagle, Fayctteville, 

IS. Farmers and Mechanics' Journal, 
Newbern, 

19. Friend of Temperance, Raleigh, 

20. Gazette, Warrenton, 
-21. Index, Henderson, 

22. Insurance Gazette, Newbern, 

23. Intelligencer, Washington, 

24. Journal of Commerce, Newbern, 

25. Journal, Wilmington, 

26. Masonic Advertiser, Newbern, 

27. Messenger, Goldsboro', 

28. News, Weldon, 
29 News, Goldsboro'. 



80. News, Mt. Airy, 

81. Old North State, Salisbury, 

32. Observer, Charlotte. 

33. Old Constitution, Danbury, 

34. Press, Ridgeway, 

35. Plaindealer, Wilson, 

36. Primitive Baptist, Raleigh, 

37. Pioneer, Asheville, 

38. Post, Wilmington, 

:-\9. Presbyterian, Fayetteville, 
4i». Press, Salem, 

41. Patriot, Greensboro', 

42. Robesonian, Lumberton, 
48. Republican, Greensboro', 

44. Reconstructed Farmer, Tarboro', 

45. Republican, Newbern, 

46. Standard, Raleigh, 

47. Star, Rutherfordton, 

48. Star, Wilmington, 
4'». Sentinel, Raleigh, 

50. Southern Home, Charlotte, 

51. Sentinel, Winston, 

52. Southern Press and Farm, Raleigh, 

53. Times, Charlotte, 

54. Times, Newbern, 
5.~i. Times, Jefferson, 

56. Visitor, Hendersonville, 

57. Vindicator, Rutherfordton, 

58. Zion's Landmark, Wilson. 



24 



ance and patriotism. Under the impulse of excited and exag- 
gerated statements, deeds of lawlessness and violence are com- 
mitted, which render life insecure and destroy the happiness 
of the citizen and the character of the State. 

We might dwell with patriotic pleasure on the Charitable 
Institutions of our State — the Insane Asylum at Raleigh, 
under the superintendence of the energetic Grissom, a monu- 
ment to the philanthropy of that " white-winged messenger of 
peace,"' Miss Dix, and the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 
under the fostering care ol Mr. Palmer : also, the Penitentiary 
and other institutions ; but space and time do not allow,, 
nor am I willing to trespass longer on your patience and kind- 
ness. But looking back upon the past, and dwelling on the 
present, what a glorious future is presented ! It has been 
asserted that thi3 nineteenth century has been the most impor- 
tant period in the history of our race that has elapsed since the 
creation of the world. Just pause and see what has been 
accomplished by the genius of man within our own day ! The 
tunneling of the Alps at Mount Cenis ; the Canal of Suez,, 
connecting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean in Europe : 
the Railway uniting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in our 
own nation ; the Marine Telegraph uniting Europe and 
America — are achievements unrivalled in the history of the 
world, and monuments of the enterprise and genius of the 
present age. Within our own memory we had no telegraphs, no 
ocean steamships, no steam cars, or street railways. But now, 
by the advance of science, we can hear from the distant parts 
of the globe in a few moments, and read the debates of yester- 
day in the British Parliament in our morning papers here.. 
It brings together the civilized world in close neighborhood. 
.Still we have much to do, and we should be up and doing it. 
Everything encourages us, 



<l The vast unbounded future lies before us, 
P>ut clouds and darkn jss rest upon it." 



25 



If war and disaster have clouded our prospects ;* if our 
finances are disturbed and our industries crippled, jet we have 
our luxuriant soil, our healthful climate, our invigorating air, 
our mines of gold, iron and coal, and the future may yet be as 
full of prosperity as our past is full of proud recollections. 

The approaching census, (the 9th, f) will show that we have 
more than a million of people, whose hearts should beat warmly 
for the honor of their country. These arc the wealth of any 
country. 

'• What constitutes a State V 
Not high raised battlements, or labored mound 

Thick wall or moated gate, 
Nov cities proud with .spires and turrets crowned; 

Not bays and broad armed ports, 
Where, laughing- at the storm, rich navies ride . 

Not starred and spangled courts. 
Where low-born baseness wafts perfume to pridi . 
No, men, high minded men, — 
Men, who their duties know, 

And know their rights, and knowing dare maintain, 
And crush the tyrants, while they rend the chain. 
These constitute a Sta 

• See Table appended. 

f The approaching census, (the 9th census since the foundation of our govern- 
ment,) under the practiced and patient superintendence of its present accom- 
plished head, (Gen. Francis A. Walker,) promises to be of great value. To us it 
is very important Among other important results, it, fixes \he ratio of our 
representation in Congress for the next decade. Under the Constitution in 
1789, North Carolina had five members. By the first census taken in 1790, 
North Carolina had ten members, next to Virginia, Massachusetts and Pennsyl- 
vania, and equal to New York. The following table exhibits the ratio of repre- 
sentation under the census of the years 1790 to I860, inclusive, and the num- 
ber of members of Congress to which North Carolina was entitled: 

CENSUS. RATIO >■'"• OF MEMBERS. 

1790 33,000 10 

1800 33,000 12 

1810 35,000 13 

1820 40,000 13 

1830 47,700 13 

1840 70,680 9 

1850 93,423 8 

1860 126,825 7 

It depends on the energy and fidelity of our census takers whether this 
number be increased or diminished. The present number of the House of Rep- 
resentatives is 243, the Senate 74 members. The British House of Lords has 
462 members and the House of Commons has 658 members. The Senate of 
France has 169 members and the Legislative body has 376 member-. 
% Sir William Jones. 



26 



In every period of her history, in every peril and national 
danger, the sons of North Carolina have shown their noble 
character by deeds of valor and of virtue. 

And in conclusion, shall I say nothing to the fair auditory 
-who have so patiently endured this dry detail of facts and 
" bristly array of figures !" 

The most patriotic efforts of man have ever been encouraged 
and sustained by woman's sympathy and woman's aid. Our 
continent had never been discovered had not woman aided, for 
when monarch after monarch refused to listen to the appeals 
of Columbus, and even her husband turned a deaf ear, Isabella 
pledged her jewels to raise the means, and thus enable Co- 
lumbus " to give a new world to the kingdoms of Castile and 
Leon." And justly proud as is our State of the character of 
her sons, bright as are the gems of her hills and pure as is the 
gold of her mountains, prouder she is of her fair daughters — 
brighter than her gems and purer than her gold : 

There's music in the winter blast 

That sweeps thy hollow glen, 

Less sturdy sons would shrink aghast 

From piercing winds such as thou hast. 

To nurse these iron men. 

And thou hast gems, aye, living pearls ! 

And flowers of brightest hue ; 

How lovely are thy bright-eyed girls, t 

Of fairy forms and elfin curls, ..J 

And smiles like Herman's dew. - — 



27 



1869. 

AMOUNT TAID 
INTO THE 
TKEASUKY. 


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l^tr-t— NOi<b^ O .,. O CO iO CO C CO t- C5 b> 

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NO. OF ACRES 
LISTED. 


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Taylorsville, 

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Washington, 

Windsor, 

Elizabetli Town, 

Smith ville, 

Ashevillc, 

Morgan ton, 

Concord, 

Lenoir, 

Camden 0. 11., 

Beaufort, 

Yanceyville, 

Newton, 

Pittsboro', 

Murphy, 




525 

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28 



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Lexington, 16,601 
Mocksville, 8,494 
Kenansville, 15,784 
Tarboro', 17,376 
Winston, 12,692 
Lonisbnrg, 14,107 
Dallas, 9,307 
Gatesville, 8.443 
Oxford, 23^96 
Snow Hill, 7,925 
Greensboro', 20,056 
Halifax, 19,442 
Lillington, 8,039 
Waynesville, 5,801 
Henderson ville. 10,448 
Winton, 9,501 
Swanquarter, 7,732 


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